PART I
1. Who is the father of taxonomy?
Linnaeus
2. Five kingdom classification was proposed by?
R.H. Whittaker
3. Binomial nomenclature was given by?
Linnaeus
4. Viruses are considered?
At the border of living and non-living
5. Smallest living cell?
Mycoplasma
6. Phloem in angiosperms is made up of?
Sieve tube elements and companion cells
7. Which connective tissue stores fat?
Adipose tissue
8. In human stomach, pepsin digests?
Proteins
9. Epithelium present in kidney tubules?
Cuboidal epithelium
10. Xylem transports?
Water and minerals
11. Powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
12. Who discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke
13. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosome
14. Centrioles are absent in?
Plant cells
15. Plasma membrane is composed of?
Lipid–protein bilayer
16. Genetic material in prokaryotes?
Naked circular DNA
17. Site of protein synthesis in cell?
Ribosomes
18. Functional unit of kidney?
Nephron
19. Hormone secreted by pancreas for reducing blood sugar?
Insulin
20. Largest gland in human body?
Liver
21. Enzyme that digests fat in small intestine?
Lipase
22. Plant hormone responsible for cell elongation?
Auxin
23. Blood cells responsible for immunity?
White blood cells (WBCs)
24. Universal donor blood group?
O negative
25. Universal recipient blood group?
AB positive
26. Energy currency of the cell?
ATP
27. Name the process by which plants lose water in vapor form?
Transpiration
28. Site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplast
29. First stable product of C3 cycle?
3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
30. First stable product of C4 cycle?
Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
31. Blood pigment present in RBC?
Hemoglobin
32. Normal pH of human blood?
7.4
33. Hormone regulating basal metabolic rate?
Thyroxine
34. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
35. Organ that secretes bile juice?
Liver
36. Site of fertilization in human female?
Fallopian tube (ampulla–isthmus junction)
37. Which organ produces sperm in humans?
Testis
38. Placenta is formed by?
Maternal tissue + Fetal tissue
39. Genetic material in HIV virus?
RNA
40. Name the bond joining amino acids?
Peptide bond
41. Unit of inheritance?
Gene
42. Father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
43. Law of independent assortment was given by?
Mendel
44. Cross between F1 hybrid and one parent is called?
Back cross
45. Cross between F1 hybrids is called?
Test cross
46. Phenotype ratio in monohybrid cross?
3 : 1
47. Phenotype ratio in dihybrid cross?
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
48. Mutation at a single base pair level is called?
Point mutation
49. Genetic disorder caused by absence of clotting factor VIII?
Hemophilia
50. Trisomy of chromosome 21 leads to?
Down’s syndrome
51. Which disease is caused by Plasmodium?
Malaria
52. Carrier of malaria parasite?
Female Anopheles mosquito
53. Which disease is caused by HIV?
AIDS
54. Causative organism of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
55. Disease caused by deficiency of insulin?
Diabetes mellitus
56. Deficiency of Vitamin D causes?
Rickets
57. Deficiency of Vitamin C causes?
Scurvy
58. Deficiency of Vitamin A causes?
Night blindness
59. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes?
Pernicious anemia
60. Deficiency of iodine causes?
Goiter
61. Which tissue connects muscles to bones?
Tendon
62. Which tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligament
63. Structural and functional unit of nervous system?
Neuron
64. Functional unit of brain?
Neuron
65. Master gland of human body?
Pituitary gland
66. Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
67. Hormone secreted by pineal gland?
Melatonin
68. Hormone responsible for milk ejection in mothers?
Oxytocin
69. Hormone responsible for growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
70. Male sex hormone in humans?
Testosterone
71. Female sex hormone in humans?
Estrogen
72. Which organelle is known as ‘suicidal bag’?
Lysosome
73. Which organelle helps in packaging and secretion?
Golgi apparatus
74. Which organelle is semi-autonomous and has its own DNA?
Mitochondria & Chloroplast
75. In which phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S phase (Synthetic phase)
76. In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the equator?
Metaphase
77. In which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?
Telophase
78. Number of chromosomes in human somatic cells?
46 (23 pairs)
79. Number of chromosomes in human gametes?
23 (haploid)
80. Site of glycolysis in a cell?
Cytoplasm
81. End product of glycolysis?
Pyruvic acid
82. Site of Krebs cycle in cell?
Mitochondrial matrix
83. Number of ATP molecules produced in glycolysis?
Net gain = 2 ATP
84. Number of ATP molecules from complete oxidation of one glucose?
36 or 38 ATP (depending on cell type)
85. Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis occurs in?
Thylakoid membrane
86. Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) occurs in?
Stroma of chloroplast
87. Which pigment captures light energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
88. Process of conversion of ADP into ATP using light energy is called?
Photophosphorylation
89. Bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of legumes?
Rhizobium
90. Non-leguminous nitrogen-fixing plant?
Alnus / Casuarina
91. Process of conversion of ammonium compounds into nitrites by bacteria?
Nitrification
92. Organism used in alcohol fermentation?
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
93. Enzyme that converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
Hexokinase
94. Protein-digesting enzyme present in pancreatic juice?
Trypsin
95. Pigment responsible for red color in blood?
Hemoglobin
96. Pigment responsible for green color in plants?
Chlorophyll
97. Organ that produces urea in humans?
Liver
98. Excretory organ in human body?
Kidney
99. Excretory organ in cockroach?
Malpighian tubules
100. Excretory organ in earthworm?
Nephridia
PART II
101. Respiratory pigment in earthworm?
Hemoglobin (dissolved in plasma)
102. Respiratory pigment in cockroach?
None (oxygen diffuses directly through tracheal system)
103. Respiratory pigment in molluscs?
Hemocyanin
104. Blood cells without nucleus in humans?
Red blood cells (RBCs)
105. Life span of human RBCs?
About 120 days
106. Blood cells responsible for clotting?
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
107. Universal donor blood group?
O negative
108. Universal recipient blood group?
AB positive
109. Which chamber of human heart pumps blood to lungs?
Right ventricle
110. Which chamber of heart pumps oxygenated blood to body?
Left ventricle
111. Valve between left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
112. Valve between right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
113. Major excretory product in humans?
Urea
114. Major excretory product in birds and reptiles?
Uric acid
115. Major excretory product in aquatic animals like fish?
Ammonia
116. Number of nephrons in each human kidney?
About 1 million
117. Hormone that regulates urine volume?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
118. Hormone secreted by kidney?
Erythropoietin
119. Respiratory organ in fishes?
Gills
120. Respiratory organ in terrestrial insects?
Tracheal system
121. Respiratory organ in amphibians like frog?
Skin + Lungs + Buccal cavity
122. Respiratory organ in plants?
Stomata and lenticels
123. Exchange of gases in alveoli occurs by?
Diffusion
124. Number of alveoli in human lungs approximately?
300 million
125. Pigment that carries oxygen in blood?
Hemoglobin
126. Which part of brain controls voluntary movements?
Cerebrum
127. Which part of brain maintains balance and posture?
Cerebellum
128. Which part of brain controls heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla oblongata
129. Protective membranes covering brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
130. Fluid present around brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
131. Functional and structural unit of nervous system?
Neuron
132. Gap between two neurons?
Synapse
133. Nerve carrying impulses from receptor to CNS?
Sensory nerve
134. Nerve carrying impulses from CNS to effector?
Motor nerve
135. Part of eye responsible for image formation?
Retina
136. Part of eye controlling amount of light entering?
Iris
137. Pigment present in rods of retina?
Rhodopsin
138. Pigment present in cones of retina?
Iodopsin
139. Which ear part helps in balance of body?
Semicircular canals
140. Which part of ear converts sound waves into nerve impulses?
Cochlea
141. Which bones form the ear ossicles?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
142. Which type of fertilization occurs in humans?
Internal fertilization
143. Site of sperm production?
Seminiferous tubules of testis
144. Hormone stimulating sperm production?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
145. Hormone stimulating ovulation in females?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
146. Structure formed after release of ovum from follicle?
Corpus luteum
147. Hormone secreted by corpus luteum?
Progesterone
148. Normal gestation period in humans?
About 280 days (9 months)
149. Stage of embryo that implants in uterus?
Blastocyst
150. Extra-embryonic membrane that forms placenta in mammals?
Chorion
151. Which organism is called the “flying mammal”?
Bat
152. Which is the largest mammal?
Blue whale
153. Which is the smallest bone in human body?
Stapes (in ear)
154. Which is the largest bone in human body?
Femur
155. Which type of joint is present in shoulder?
Ball and socket joint
156. Which type of joint is present between vertebrae?
Cartilaginous joint
157. Which type of joint is present in knee?
Hinge joint
158. Which mineral is most abundant in human body?
Calcium
159. Which protein forms thick filaments in muscles?
Myosin
160. Which protein forms thin filaments in muscles?
Actin
161. Energy for muscle contraction comes from?
ATP
162. Which tissue connects muscles to bones?
Tendons
163. Which tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
164. Process of formation of blood cells?
Hematopoiesis
165. Which is the functional unit of skeletal muscles?
Sarcomere
166. Bone that protects the brain?
Skull
167. Bone that protects the heart and lungs?
Rib cage
168. Bone that protects spinal cord?
Vertebral column
169. How many pairs of ribs are present in humans?
12 pairs
170. Which vitamin is synthesized in skin by sunlight?
Vitamin D
171. Which gland is known as “tear gland”?
Lacrimal gland
172. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes and hormones?
Pancreas
173. Hormone responsible for fight or flight response?
Adrenaline
174. Hormone that reduces blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
175. Hormone that increases blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
176. Which blood vessels carry blood away from heart?
Arteries
177. Which blood vessels carry blood toward heart?
Veins
178. Which blood vessels connect arteries and veins?
Capillaries
179. Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
180. Which vein carries oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
181. First heart sound (“lub”) is due to closure of which valves?
Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves
182. Second heart sound (“dub”) is due to closure of which valves?
Semilunar valves
183. Normal human heartbeat per minute?
About 72 times
184. Instrument used to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
185. Normal blood pressure in humans?
120/80 mmHg
186. Who discovered circulation of blood?
William Harvey
187. Blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to heart muscles?
Coronary arteries
188. Major nitrogenous waste in human urine?
Urea
189. Enzyme secreted by salivary glands to digest starch?
Salivary amylase
190. Digestive enzyme present in gastric juice?
Pepsin
191. Digestive enzyme present in pancreatic juice for proteins?
Trypsin
192. Digestive enzyme present in pancreatic juice for carbohydrates?
Amylase
193. Digestive enzyme present in pancreatic juice for fats?
Lipase
194. Where does absorption of digested food mainly occur?
Small intestine
195. Finger-like projections in intestine for absorption?
Villi
196. Which vitamin is synthesized by gut bacteria?
Vitamin K
197. Which part of alimentary canal stores bile juice?
Gallbladder
198. Which organ secretes hydrochloric acid?
Stomach
199. Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine?
Pancreas
200. Which organ is called the “blood bank” of the human body?
Spleen
PART III
201. Largest part of human brain?
Cerebrum
202. Part of brain responsible for posture and equilibrium?
Cerebellum
203. Part of brain that connects brain with spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
204. Which part of nervous system controls reflex actions?
Spinal cord
205. Number of cranial nerves in humans?
12 pairs
206. Number of spinal nerves in humans?
31 pairs
207. Which pigment gives skin its color?
Melanin
208. Which layer of skin has sweat glands?
Dermis
209. Which is the largest organ in human body?
Skin
210. Which vitamin is essential for healthy skin?
Vitamin A
211. Which bone forms the forehead?
Frontal bone
212. Which bone forms the lower jaw?
Mandible
213. Which bone forms the upper jaw?
Maxilla
214. Number of bones in adult human skeleton?
206
215. Number of bones in newborn baby skeleton?
About 300
216. Which bone is called the “collar bone”?
Clavicle
217. Which bone is called the “shoulder blade”?
Scapula
218. Bone forming knee cap?
Patella
219. Which bone is also called breast bone?
Sternum
220. Which type of muscle is voluntary and striated?
Skeletal muscle
221. Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
Cardiac muscle
222. Which type of muscle is involuntary and non-striated?
Smooth muscle
223. Which muscle separates chest and abdomen in mammals?
Diaphragm
224. Which vitamin helps in calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
225. Which hormone regulates calcium level in blood?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
226. Which is the structural and functional unit of life?
Cell
227. Who proposed the cell theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
228. Who discovered nucleus?
Robert Brown
229. Who discovered ribosomes?
George Palade
230. Which organelle is called “cell’s post office”?
Golgi apparatus
231. Which organelle is called “cell’s kitchen”?
Chloroplast
232. Which organelle detoxifies drugs and poisons?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
233. Which organelle synthesizes proteins?
Ribosomes
234. Which organelle forms spindle fibers during cell division?
Centrioles
235. Which organelle stores genetic information?
Nucleus
236. Which nucleic acid carries genetic information?
DNA
237. Which nucleic acid carries genetic message from DNA to ribosomes?
mRNA
238. Which nucleic acid brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation?
tRNA
239. Which nucleic acid forms structural component of ribosomes?
rRNA
240. Which bonds hold DNA strands together?
Hydrogen bonds
241. Which scientist discovered the double helix model of DNA?
Watson and Crick
242. Who discovered transformation in bacteria?
Griffith
243. Who proved DNA is the genetic material?
Hershey and Chase
244. Who discovered the principles of inheritance?
Mendel
245. Which process forms mRNA from DNA?
Transcription
246. Which process forms protein from mRNA?
Translation
247. Which codon is known as the start codon?
AUG
248. Which codons are stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
249. Which process copies DNA to form identical DNA molecules?
DNA replication
250. Which enzyme unzips DNA during replication?
DNA helicase
251. Which biomolecule is the main source of energy?
Carbohydrates
252. Monomer of carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
253. Monomer of protein?
Amino acid
254. Monomer of nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
255. Monomer of fat/lipid?
Glycerol + Fatty acids
256. Which carbohydrate is stored in plants?
Starch
257. Which carbohydrate is stored in animals?
Glycogen
258. Which carbohydrate forms exoskeleton in insects?
Chitin
259. Which carbohydrate forms plant cell wall?
Cellulose
260. Which protein stores oxygen in muscles?
Myoglobin
261. Which protein transports oxygen in blood?
Hemoglobin
262. Which protein acts as enzyme in digestion?
Amylase, Lipase, Protease
263. Which protein provides structural support in skin and bones?
Collagen
264. Which protein is involved in immune response?
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
265. Which protein forms hair and nails?
Keratin
266. Which protein is found in egg white?
Albumin
267. Which protein acts as hormonal regulator?
Insulin
268. Which lipid forms plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
269. Which lipid stores energy in animals?
Triglycerides
270. Which lipid acts as signaling molecule?
Steroids (e.g., Testosterone, Estrogen)
271. Which nucleic acid stores genetic information?
DNA
272. Which nucleic acid carries genetic information to ribosome?
mRNA
273. Which nucleic acid brings amino acids during translation?
tRNA
274. Which nucleic acid forms ribosome structure?
rRNA
275. Which base pairs are present in DNA?
Adenine–Thymine, Guanine–Cytosine
276. Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
277. Mendel studied inheritance in which plant?
Pea plant (Pisum sativum)
278. Unit of heredity?
Gene
279. Different forms of a gene are called?
Alleles
280. Organism with two identical alleles for a trait?
Homozygous
281. Organism with two different alleles for a trait?
Heterozygous
282. Physical expression of a gene?
Phenotype
283. Genetic makeup of an organism?
Genotype
284. Mendel’s first law is called?
Law of Segregation
285. Mendel’s second law is called?
Law of Independent Assortment
286. Cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive is called?
Monohybrid cross
287. Cross between two heterozygous individuals is called?
Dihybrid cross (if 2 traits) or monohybrid cross (1 trait)
288. Blood group inheritance follows which pattern?
Multiple alleles and co-dominance
289. ABO blood group system alleles?
IA, IB, i
290. Universal donor blood group?
O
291. Universal recipient blood group?
AB
292. Which chromosome determines male in humans?
Y chromosome
293. Which chromosome determines female in humans?
X chromosome
294. Male genotype in humans?
XY
295. Female genotype in humans?
XX
296. Which sex-linked disease is common in males?
Hemophilia
297. Which sex-linked disease affects red-green vision?
Color blindness
298. What is mutation?
Change in DNA sequence
299. Mutations can be caused by?
Radiation, chemicals, or errors in replication
300. What is karyotype?
Number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell
Part IV
301. Who discovered DNA as genetic material?
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
302. Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick
303. DNA is made of?
Nucleotides (Phosphate + Deoxyribose + Nitrogenous base)
304. RNA is made of?
Nucleotides (Phosphate + Ribose + Nitrogenous base)
305. Types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
306. Function of mRNA?
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome
307. Function of tRNA?
Brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis
308. Function of rRNA?
Forms ribosome structure
309. Central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA → RNA → Protein
310. Replication of DNA is?
Semi-conservative
311. Enzyme that unwinds DNA?
Helicase
312. Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments?
DNA ligase
313. Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
314. Process of transcription?
Synthesis of RNA from DNA
315. Process of translation?
Synthesis of protein from mRNA
316. Genetic code is made of?
Triplets of nucleotides called codons
317. Start codon?
AUG
318. Stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
319. Who proposed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?
Beadle and Tatum
320. Who proposed the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis?
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
321. Which organelle is called the powerhouse of cell?
Mitochondria
322. Which organelle is site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
323. Which organelle stores proteins and lipids?
Endoplasmic reticulum
324. Which organelle modifies, packages, and secretes proteins?
Golgi apparatus
325. Which organelle is responsible for cell di
gestion?
Lysosome
326. Which organelle controls cell activities?
Nucleus
327. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
328. Which organelle stores water, salts, and waste in plant cells?
Vacuole
329. Which organelle helps in cell movement?
Cilia and Flagella
330. Which organelle provides structural support to plant cells?
Cell wall
331. Which organelle produces spindle fibers during cell division?
Centriole
332. Which organelle detoxifies harmful substances in the cell?
Peroxisome
333. Which organelle synthesizes lipids?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
334. Which organelle stores pigments in plants?
Chromoplast
335. Which organelle stores starch in plants?
Amyloplast
336. Process of cell division in somatic cells?
Mitosis
337. Process of cell division in gametes?
Meiosis
338. Number of chromosomes in human somatic cell?
46 (23 pairs)
339. Number of chromosomes in human gamete?
23
340. Phase of cell cycle where DNA replicates?
S-phase of Interphase
341. Phase of mitosis where chromosomes align at equator?
Metaphase
342. Phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
343. Phase of mitosis where nuclear envelope reforms?
Telophase
344. Cytokinesis occurs in which phase?
End of Telophase
345. Phase of meiosis where crossing over occurs?
Prophase I
346. Phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I
347. Phase of meiosis where sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase II
348. Phase of meiosis where tetrads align at equator?
Metaphase I
349. Haploid cells are produced in?
Meiosis
350. Diploid cells are pro
duced in?
Mitosis
351. Which process produces gametes in animals?
Meiosis
352. Which process produces gametes in plants?
Meiosis
353. Male gamete in humans?
Sperm
354. Female gamete in humans?
Ovum
355. Fertilization occurs in which part of female reproductive system?
Fallopian tube (Oviduct)
356. Zygote develops into?
Embryo
357. Placenta connects fetus to?
Uterus (maternal blood supply)
358. Hormone responsible for milk production?
Prolactin
359. Hormone responsible for milk ejection?
Oxytocin
360. Hormone responsible for ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
361. Hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
Progesterone
362. Hormone responsible for sperm production?
Testosterone
363. Male sex organ producing sperm?
Testes
364. Female sex organ producing ovum?
Ovary
365. External fertilization occurs in?
Fish and Amphibians
366. Internal fertilization occurs in?
Mammals, Birds, Reptiles
367. Which blood cells fight infection?
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
368. Which blood cells carry oxygen?
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
369. Which blood cells help in clotting?
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
370. Blood plasma contains?
Water, proteins, glucose, hormones, minerals
371. Universal donor blood group?
O
372. Universal recipient blood group?
AB
373. Normal blood pressure in human?
120/80 mmHg
374. Heartbeat is controlled by?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
375. Blood circulates through body by?
Systemic and Pulmonary circulation
376. Which artery carries oxygenated blood from heart to body?
Aorta
377. Which artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs?
Pulmonary artery
378. Which vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart?
Pulmonary vein
379. Which vein carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart?
Vena cava
380. Heart has how many chambers?
Four (2 atria + 2 ventricles)
381. Which valve is between left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
382. Which valve is between right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
383. Which valve is at exit of left ventricle?
Aortic valve
384. Which valve is at exit of right ventricle?
Pulmonary valve
385. Pacemaker of heart?
SA node (Sinoatrial node)
386. Blood clotting involves which protein?
Fibrin
387. Respiratory pigment in humans?
Hemoglobin
388. Where does gas exchange occur in humans?
Alveoli of lungs
389. Oxygen transport in blood occurs as?
Bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
390. CO₂ transport in blood occurs as?
Bicarbonate ions, dissolved CO₂, carbaminohemoglobin
391. Which enzyme digests starch?
Amylase
392. Which enzyme digests proteins in stomach?
Pepsin
393. Which enzyme digests fats?
Lipase
394. Bile is produced by?
Liver
395. Bile stored in?
Gall bladder
396. Bile helps in?
Emulsification of fats
397. Which organ absorbs most water?
Large intestine
398. Which hormone regulates blood sugar?
Insulin and Glucagon
399. Which hormone is produced by adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline
400. Which hormone is produced by adrenal cortex?
Cor
tisol and Aldosterone
401. Which hormone is responsible for fight-or-flight response?
Adrenaline
402. Which hormone regulates calcium level in blood?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin
403. Which hormone regulates water balance in kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
404. Which hormone regulates metabolism?
Thyroxine (T4)
405. Which hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
406. Which hormone stimulates milk ejection?
Oxytocin
407. Which hormone controls reproductive cycles in females?
Estrogen and Progesterone
408. Which hormone controls spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
409. Which part of brain controls balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
410. Which part of brain controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla oblongata
411. Which part of brain controls voluntary actions and intelligence?
Cerebrum
412. Which part of brain connects two hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
413. Which part of brain regulates temperature, hunger, and thirst?
Hypothalamus
414. Which part of brain controls emotions and memory?
Limbic system
415. Which neuron carries impulse from receptor to CNS?
Sensory neuron (Afferent)
416. Which neuron carries impulse from CNS to effector?
Motor neuron (Efferent)
417. Which neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?
Interneuron (Relay neuron)
418. Synapse is?
Junction between two neurons
419. Neurotransmitters are?
Chemical messengers transmitting signals across synapse
420. Acetylcholine is?
Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction
421. Dopamine is?
Neurotransmitter for reward and pleasure
422. Serotonin is?
Neurotransmitter for mood regulation
423. Reflex action is?
Automatic, rapid response to stimulus
424. Reflex arc consists of?
Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS → Motor neuron → Effector
425. Which sense organ detects smell?
Nose
(Olfactory receptors)
426. Which sense organ detects taste?
Tongue (Taste buds)
427. Which sense organ detects touch?
Skin (Tactile receptors)
428. Which sense organ detects hearing?
Ear (Cochlea and hair cells)
429. Which sense organ detects vision?
Eye (Retina)
430. Which photoreceptor detects black and white vision?
Rod cells
431. Which photoreceptor detects color vision?
Cone cells
432. Normal human vision is called?
Emmetropia
433. Nearsightedness (myopia) is corrected by?
Concave lens
434. Farsightedness (hypermetropia) is corrected by?
Convex lens
435. Astigmatism is corrected by?
Cylindrical lens
436. Blind spot is present at?
Optic disc
437. Hormone that regulates sleep?
Melatonin
438. Hormone that regulates growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
439. Hormone that regulates thyroid activity?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
440. Hormone that regulates adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
441. Hormone that regulates gonads?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
442. Which process produces food in plants?
Photosynthesis
443. Site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast (Thylakoid and Stroma)
444. Photosynthesis equation?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
445. Pigment responsible for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
446. Light reaction produces?
ATP, NADPH, O₂
447. Dark reaction (Calvin cycle) produces?
Glucose
448. Process of breakdown of glucose to produce energy?
Respiration
449. Aerobic respiration occurs in?
Mitochondria
450. Anaerobic respiration produces?
Lactic acid (in animals), Ethanol + CO₂ (in plants/yeast)
475 next?
451. ATP stands for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
452. ATP is produced mainly in?
Mitochondria
453. Glycolysis occurs in?
Cytoplasm
454. Glycolysis produces?
2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate
455. Krebs cycle occurs in?
Mitochondrial matrix
456. Krebs cycle produces?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ per glucose
457. Electron transport chain occurs in?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
458. Electron transport chain produces?
32–34 ATP per glucose
459. Total ATP produced in aerobic respiration?
36–38 ATP per glucose
460. Fermentation occurs in absence of?
Oxygen
461. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in?
Muscle cells
462. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in?
Yeast and plants
463. Stomata are present in?
Leaves (mainly lower epidermis)
464. Function of stomata?
Gas exchange and transpiration
465. Xylem transports?
Water and minerals from root to shoot
466. Phloem transports?
Food (sugars) from leaves to other parts
467. Transpiration is?
Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces
468. Translocation is?
Movement of food in phloem
469. Root hairs increase?
Absorption of water and minerals
470. Mycorrhizal association benefits?
Enhances water and mineral absorption
471. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules?
Rhizobium
472. Decomposers in soil?
Fungi and bacteria
473. Pollination is?
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
474. Self-pollination occurs in?
Pea, Wheat
475. Cross-pollination occurs in?
Hibis
cus, Mango, Sunflower
476. Fertilization in plants occurs in?
Ovule
477. Double fertilization occurs in?
Angiosperms
478. Endosperm is formed from?
Fusion of second male gamete with two polar nucle
479. Seed coat is formed from?
Integuments of ovule
480. Embryo develops from?
Zygote
481. Fruit develops from? Ova
482. Parthenocarpy produces?
Seedless fruits
483. Vegetative propagation occurs in?
Potato, Sugarcane, Bryophyllum
484. Grafting is used in?
Fruit plants like Mango, Apple
485. Pollination vector in wind-pollinated plants?
Wind (Anemophily)
486. Pollination vector in insect-pollinated plants?
Insects (Entomophily)
487. Pollination vector in water-pollinated plants?
Water (Hydrophily)
488. Which plant hormone promotes cell elongation?
Auxin
489. Which plant hormone promotes fruit ripening?
Ethylene
490. Which plant hormone inhibits growth?
Abscisic acid (ABA)
491. Which plant hormone promotes seed germination?
Gibberellins
492. Phototropism is?
Growth of plant towards light
493. Geotropism is?
Growth of plant in response to gravity
494. Hydrotropism is?
Growth of plant towards water
495. Thigmotropism is?
Growth of plant in response to touch
496. Nastic movements are?
Non-directional movements in response to stimuli
497. Nyctinasty is?
Sleep movement of leaves at night
498. Photonasty is?
Movement in response to light intensity
499. Seismonasty is?
Movement in response to touch or vibration
500. Which plant fixes nitrogen in soil?
Leguminous plants (Rhizobium symbiosis)
Part VI
501. Which blood group is universal donor?
O
502. Which blood group is universal recipient?
AB
503. Which vitamin is produced in skin by sunlight?
Vitamin D
504. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
505. Which vitamin prevents scurvy?
Vitamin C
506. Which vitamin prevents night blindness?
Vitamin A
507. Which vitamin is important for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
508. Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?
Vitamin D
509. Which vitamin deficiency causes beriberi?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
510. Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
511. Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
512. Which vitamin is water-soluble?
B-complex and C
513. Which vitamin is fat-soluble?
A, D, E, K
514. Which hormone regulates calcium level in blood?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
515. Which hormone regulates metabolism?
Thyroxine
516. Which hormone regulates stress response?
Cortisol
517. Which hormone regulates fight-or-flight response?
Adrenaline
518. Which hormone regulates sleep?
Melatonin
519. Which hormone regulates growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
520. Which hormone regulates water balance?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
521. Which hormone regulates reproductive cycle in females?
Estrogen and Progesterone
522. Which hormone regulates spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
523. Which part of brain controls voluntary movements?
Cerebrum
524. Which part of brain controls balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
525. Which part of brain controls involuntary actions?
Medulla oblongata
526. Which part of brain regulates temperature, hunger, and thirst?
Hypothalamus
527. Which part of brain controls emotions and memory?
Limbic system
528. Neuron that carries impulse from receptor to CNS?
Sensory neuron (Afferent)
529. Neuron that carries impulse from CNS to effector?
Motor neuron (Efferent)
530. Neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons?
Interneuron (Relay neuron)
531. Junction between two neurons is called?
Synapse
532. Chemical messenger transmitting signals across synapse?
Neurotransmitter
533. Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
534. Neurotransmitter responsible for reward and pleasure?
Dopamine
535. Neurotransmitter responsible for mood regulation?
Serotonin
536. Reflex action is?
Automatic, rapid response to stimulus
537. Reflex arc consists of?
Receptor → Sensory neuron → CNS → Motor neuron → Effector
538. Sense organ for smell?
Nose (Olfactory receptors)
539. Sense organ for taste?
Tongue (Taste buds)
540. Sense organ for touch?
Skin (Tactile receptors)
541. Sense organ for hearing?
Ear (Cochlea, hair cells)
542. Sense organ for vision?
Eye (Retina)
543. Photoreceptor for black and white vision?
Rod cells
544. Photoreceptor for color vision?
Cone cells
545. Normal human vision is called?
Emmetropia
546. Nearsightedness (myopia) corrected by?
Concave lens
547. Farsightedness (hypermetropia) corrected by?
Convex lens
548. Astigmatism corrected by?
Cylindrical lens
549. Blind spot is at?
Optic disc
550. Hormone that regulates sleep?
Melatonin
551. Hormone that regulates growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
552. Hormone that stimulates thyroid activity?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
553. Hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
554. Hormone that regulates gonads?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
555. Process of food production in plants?
Photosynthesis
556. Site of photosynthesis in plants?
Chloroplast
557. General photosynthesis equation?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
558. Pigment responsible for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
559. Light reaction produces?
ATP, NADPH, O₂
560. Dark reaction (Calvin cycle) produces?
Glucose
561. Process of breakdown of glucose for energy?
Respiration
562. Aerobic respiration occurs in?
Mitochondria
563. Anaerobic respiration produces?
Lactic acid (animals), Ethanol + CO₂ (plants/yeast)
564. Stomata are present in?
Leaves
565. Function of stomata?
Gas exchange and transpiration
566. Xylem transports?
Water and minerals from root to shoot
567. Phloem transports?
Food (sugars) from leaves to other parts
568. Transpiration is?
Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces
569. Translocation is?
Movement of food in phloem
570. Root hairs function?
Absorption of water and minerals
571. Mycorrhizal association benefits?
Enhances water and mineral absorption
572. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules?
Rhizobium
573. Decomposers in soil?
Fungi and bacteria
574. Pollination is?
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
575. Self-pollination occu
rs in?
Pea, Wheat
576. Cross-pollination occurs in?
Hibiscus, Mango, Sunflower
577. Plant hormone promoting cell elongation?
Auxin
578. Plant hormone promoting fruit ripening?
Ethylene
579. Plant hormone inhibiting growth?
Abscisic acid (ABA)
580. Plant hormone promoting seed germination?
Gibberellins
581. Phototropism is?
Growth of plant towards light
582. Geotropism is?
Growth of plant in response to gravity
583. Hydrotropism is?
Growth of plant towards water
584. Thigmotropism is?
Growth of plant in response to touch
585. Nastic movements are?
Non-directional movements in response to stimuli
586. Nyctinasty is?
Sleep movement of leaves at night
587. Photonasty is?
Movement in response to light intensity
588. Seismonasty is?
Movement in response to touch or vibration
589. Fertilization in plants occurs in?
Ovule
590. Double fertilization occurs in?
Angiosperms
591. Endosperm is formed from?
Fusion of second male gamete with two polar nuclei
592. Seed coat is formed from?
Integuments of ovule
593. Embryo develops from?
Zygote
594. Fruit develops from?
Ovary
595. Parthenocarpy produces?
Seedless fruits
596. Vegetative propagation occurs in?
Potato, Sugarcane, Bryophyllum
597. Grafting is used in?
Fruit plants like Mango, Apple
598. Pollination vector in wind-pollinated plants?
Wind (Anemophily)
599. Pollination vector in insect-pollinated plants?
Insects (Entomophily)
600. Pollination vector in water-pollinated plants?
Water (Hydrophily)
Part VII
601. Centripetal force = ?
F = mv²/r
602. Angular velocity = ?
ω = θ / t
603. Relation between linear and angular velocity?
v = rω
604. Rotational kinetic energy = ?
½ Iω²
605. Torque = ?
τ = r × F
606. Moment of inertia of solid sphere = ?
I = 2/5 MR²
607. Moment of inertia of hollow sphere = ?
I = 2/3 MR²
608. Hormone that regulates growth?
Growth hormone (GH)
609. Hormone that stimulates thyroid activity?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
610. Hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
611. Hormone that regulates gonads?
FSH and LH
612. Excretion in humans occurs via?
Kidneys
613. Functional unit of kidney?
Nephron
614. Filtration occurs at?
Glomerulus
615. Reabsorption occurs at?
Proximal convoluted tubule
616. Hormone regulating urine volume?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
617. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
Renin
618. Renin converts angiotensinogen to?
Angiotensin I
619. Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II by?
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)
620. Angiotensin II causes?
Vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
621. Aldosterone function?
Reabsorption of Na⁺ and water
622. Diabetes mellitus caused by deficiency of?
Insulin
623. Diabetes insipidus caused by deficiency of?
ADH
624. Function of liver in excretion?
Converts ammonia to urea
625. Structure of nephron responsible for concentration of uri
ne?
Loop of Henle
626. Which enzyme converts starch into maltose?
Amylase
627. Which enzyme converts proteins into peptides?
Pepsin
628. Which enzyme converts peptides into amino acids?
Peptidase
629. Which enzyme converts fats into glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipase
630. Which enzyme converts sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Sucrase
631. Which organ produces bile?
Liver
632. Function of bile?
Emulsification of fats
633. Which organ stores bile?
Gall bladder
634. Which hormone stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas?
Secretin
635. Which hormone stimulates bile release?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
636. Which part of neuron receives signals?
Dendrites
637. Which part of neuron sends signals?
Axon
638. Myelin sheath function?
Insulation and faster impulse conduction
639. Nodes of Ranvier function?
Saltatory conduction of nerve impulse
640. Resting membrane potential?
–70 mV
641. Action potential occurs at?
–55 mV (threshold)
642. Depolarization caused by?
Influx of Na⁺
643. Repolarization caused by?
Efflux of K⁺
644. Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
645. CNS consists of?
Brain and spinal cord
646. PNS consists of?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
647. Autonomic nervous system regulates?
Involuntary actions
648. Sympathetic nervous system function?
Fight-or-flight response
649. Parasympathetic nervous system function?
Rest-and-digest response
650. Reflex action example?
Knee-jerk reflex
651. Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?
Vitamin D
652. Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?
Vitamin C
653. Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?
Vitamin A
654. Which vitamin deficiency causes beriberi?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
655. Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
656. Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
657. Which vitamin is fat-soluble?
A, D, E, K
658. Which vitamin is water-soluble?
B-complex and C
659. Hormone that regulates blood glucose?
Insulin and Glucagon
660. Hormone that regulates calcium level?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
661. Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
662. Hormone secreted by adrenal cortex?
Cortisol, Aldosterone
663. Hormone regulating reproductive cycle in females?
Estrogen and Progesterone
664. Hormone regulating spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
665. Hormone regulating water balance?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
666. Hormone regulating metabolism?
Thyroxine
667. Part of brain controlling voluntary movement?
Cerebrum
668. Part of brain controlling balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
669. Part of brain controlling involuntary actions?
Medulla oblongata
670. Part of brain controlling emotions?
Limbic system
671. Part of brain controlling body temperature, hunger, and thirst?
Hypothalamus
672. Functional unit of kidney?
Nephron
673. Filtration in kidney occurs at?
Glomerulus
674. Reabsorption occurs at?
Proximal convoluted tubule
675. Loop of Henle function?
Concentration of urine
676. Which enzyme converts starch into maltose?
Amylase
677. Which enzyme converts proteins into peptides?
Pepsin
678. Which enzyme converts peptides into amino acids?
Peptidase
679. Which enzyme converts fats into glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipase
680. Which enzyme converts sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Sucrase
681. Organ that produces bile?
Liver
682. Function of bile?
Emulsification of fats
683. Organ that stores bile?
Gall bladder
684. Hormone that stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas?
Secretin
685. Hormone that stimulates bile release?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
686. Part of neuron that receives signals?
Dendrites
687. Part of neuron that sends signals?
Axon
688. Myelin sheath function?
Insulation and faster impulse conduction
689. Nodes of Ranvier function?
Saltatory conduction of nerve impulse
690. Resting membrane potential?
–70 mV
691. Action potential occurs at?
–55 mV (threshold)
692. Depolarization caused by?
Influx of Na⁺
693. Repolarization caused by?
Efflux of K⁺
694. Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
695. CNS consists of?
Brain and spinal cord
696. PNS consists of?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
697. Autonomic nervous system regulates?
Involuntary actions
698. Sympathetic nervous system function?
Fight-or-flight response
699. Parasympathetic nervous system function?
Rest-and-digest response
700. Reflex action example?
Knee-jerk reflex
Part VIII
701. Blood group with A antigen and B antibody?
Blood group A
702. Blood group with B antigen and A antibody?
Blood group B
703. Blood group with A and B antigens?
Blood group AB
704. Blood group with no antigen and both antibodies?
Blood group O
705. Universal donor blood group?
O negative
706. Universal recipient blood group?
AB positive
707. RBC lifespan in humans?
120 days
708. WBC lifespan?
Few hours to few days
709. Platelet lifespan?
5–10 days
710. Function of RBC?
Transport oxygen
711. Function of WBC?
Immunity
712. Function of platelets?
Blood clotting
713. Normal hemoglobin in humans?
13–17 g/dL (male), 12–15 g/dL (female)
714. Normal blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
715. Normal heart rate?
72 bpm
716. Pulmonary circulation?
Heart → Lungs → Heart
717. Systemic circulation?
Heart → Body → Heart
718. Coronary circulation?
Blood supply to heart muscles
719. SA node function?
Pacemaker of heart
720. AV node function?
Delays impulse to ventricles
721. Function of lymph?
Transport of tissue fluid and immunity
722. Lymph drains into?
Subclavian veins
723. Spleen function?
Blood reservoir and immune response
724. Thymus function?
Maturation of T-lymphocytes
725. Bone marrow function?
Formation of RBC, WBC, and platelets
726. Which organelle is the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
727. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosome
728. Which organelle synthesizes proteins?
Ribosome
729. Which organelle synthesizes lipids?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
730. Which organelle modifies and packages proteins?
Golgi apparatus
731. Which organelle contains chlorophyll?
Chloroplast
732. Which organelle stores water, salts, and pigments?
Vacuole
733. Which organelle controls cell activities?
Nucleus
734. Which organelle is site of RNA synthesis?
Nucleolus
735. Cell wall is made of?
Cellulose
736. Plasma membrane is made of?
Lipid bilayer and proteins
737. Which organelle detoxifies drugs in liver cells?
Smooth ER
738. Which organelle helps in cell division?
Centrosome
739. Which organelle contains pigments in plants?
Chromoplast
740. Which organelle stores starch in plants?
Amyloplast
741. Prokaryotic cell lacks?
Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
742. Eukaryotic cell has?
Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
743. Which cell division forms gametes?
Meiosis
744. Which cell division forms somatic cells?
Mitosis
745. Number of chromosomes in human somatic cell?
46
746. Number of chromosomes in human gamete?
23
747. Haploid cell has how many chromosomes?
n = 23 (in humans)
748. Diploid cell has how many chromosomes?
2n = 46 (in humans)
749. Crossing over occurs during?
Prophase I of meiosis
750. Sex determination in humans?
XX – female, XY – male
751. Which blood cells are involved in immunity?
White blood cells (WBC)
752. Which WBC engulfs pathogens?
Phagocytes (e.g., Neutrophils, Macrophages)
753. Which WBC produces antibodies?
B-lymphocytes
754. Which WBC destroys infected cells?
T-lymphocytes
755. Which WBC releases histamine in allergy?
Basophils
756. Which WBC combats parasites?
Eosinophils
757. Which WBC forms memory cells?
B-lymphocytes
758. Blood clotting involves which protein?
Fibrinogen → Fibrin
759. Hemostasis steps?
Vascular spasm, Platelet plug formation, Coagulation
760. Which vitamin is essential for clotting?
Vitamin K
761. Lymph nodes function?
Filter lymph and produce lymphocytes
762. Spleen function in immunity?
Filters blood, stores WBC, destroys old RBC
763. Thymus function?
Maturation of T-lymphocytes
764. Bone marrow function?
Production of RBC, WBC, Platelets
765. Complement system function?
Helps antibodies destroy pathogens
766. Innate immunity includes?
Skin, Mucous, Phagocytes, Inflammation
767. Adaptive immunity includes?
B-cells, T-cells, Antibodies
768. Active immunity?
Body produces its own antibodies
769. Passive immunity?
Antibodies received from another source
770. Natural active immunity example?
Infection recovery
771. Artificial active immunity example?
Vaccination
772. Natural passive immunity example?
Mother to fetus via placenta
773. Artificial passive immunity example?
Injection of antiserum
774. Antigen definition?
Substance that induces antibody production
775. Antibody definition?
Protein produced by B-cells that neutralizes antigens
776. Which hormone regulates calcium level in blood?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
777. Which hormone lowers blood calcium?
Calcitonin
778. Which hormone regulates blood sugar?
Insulin and Glucagon
779. Insulin is secreted by?
Beta cells of pancreas
780. Glucagon is secreted by?
Alpha cells of pancreas
781. Adrenaline secreted by?
Adrenal medulla
782. Cortisol secreted by?
Adrenal cortex
783. Aldosterone function?
Regulates sodium and water balance
784. Thyroxine secreted by?
Thyroid gland
785. Function of thyroxine?
Regulates metabolism
786. Function of hypothalamus?
Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, emotions, hormones
787. Function of pituitary gland?
Master gland controlling other endocrine glands
788. Growth hormone (GH) function?
Stimulates growth and cell reproduction
789. TSH function?
Stimulates thyroid gland
790. ACTH function?
Stimulates adrenal cortex
791. FSH function?
Stimulates formation of gametes
792. LH function?
Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production
793. Prolactin function?
Stimulates milk production
794. Oxytocin function?
Uterine contraction and milk ejection
795. ADH function?
Regulates water reabsorption in kidneys
796. Pineal gland secretes?
Melatonin (regulates sleep)
797. Thymus secretes?
Thymosin (maturation of T-cells)
798. Pancreas as exocrine gland secretes?
Digestive enzymes (Amylase, Lipase, Protease)
799. Pancreas as endocrine gland secretes?
Insulin and Glucagon
800. Reproductive hormone in males?
Testosterone
Part IX
801. Male gamete in humans?
Sperm
802. Female gamete in humans?
Ovum
803. Fertilization occurs in?
Fallopian tube
804. Zygote definition?
Fertilized egg
805. Cleavage definition?
Rapid mitotic division of zygote
806. Blastula definition?
Hollow ball of cells after cleavage
807. Gastrulation?
Formation of three germ layers
808. Three germ layers?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
809. Ectoderm forms?
Skin, Nervous system
810. Mesoderm forms?
Muscles, Skeleton, Circulatory system
811. Endoderm forms?
Digestive tract lining, Lungs
812. Organogenesis definition?
Formation of organs from germ layers
813. Placenta function?
Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
814. Amniotic fluid function?
Protects fetus from mechanical shock
815. Menstrual cycle duration?
~28 days
816. Hormone controlling menstrual cycle?
Estrogen, Progesterone, FSH, LH
817. Ovulation occurs on which day?
~14th day
818. Corpus luteum function?
Secretes progesterone
819. Fertilization type in humans?
Internal
820. Type of cleavage in humans?
Holoblastic, Rotational
821. Number of chromosomes in human zygote?
46 (2n)
822. Type of placenta in humans?
Hemochorial
823. Amnion function?
Protects embryo
824. Chorion function?
Forms placenta
825. Allantois function?
Waste storage and gas exchange
826. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?
Arteries (except pulmonary artery)
827. Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
Veins (except pulmonary vein)
828. Largest artery in humans?
Aorta
829. Largest vein in humans?
Vena cava
830. Smallest blood vessels?
Capillaries
831. Function of arteries?
Carry blood away from heart
832. Function of veins?
Carry blood toward heart
833. Function of capillaries?
Exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste
834. Pulmonary circulation?
Heart → Lungs → Heart
835. Systemic circulation?
Heart → Body → Heart
836. Coronary circulation?
Blood supply to heart muscles
837. SA node function?
Pacemaker of heart
838. AV node function?
Delays impulse to ventricles
839. Cardiac output formula?
CO = Stroke volume × Heart rate
840. Normal heart rate?
72 bpm
841. Blood pressure formula?
BP = CO × Total peripheral resistance
842. Normal blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
843. Blood components?
Plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets
844. Plasma function?
Transport nutrients, hormones, and waste
845. RBC function?
Transport oxygen
846. WBC function?
Immunity
847. Platelets function?
Blood clotting
848. Hemoglobin function?
Carry oxygen
849. Lymph function?
Transport tissue fluid, immunity
850. Spleen function?
Filter blood, store WBC, destroy old RBC
851. Exocrine gland definition?
Secretes substances through ducts (e.g., salivary gland)
852. Endocrine gland definition?
Secretes hormones directly into blood (e.g., thyroid)
853. Pituitary gland location?
Base of brain, in sella turcica
854. Anterior pituitary hormones?
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
855. Posterior pituitary hormones?
ADH, Oxytocin
856. Thyroid gland hormones?
Thyroxine (T₄), Triiodothyronine (T₃), Calcitonin
857. Parathyroid gland hormone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
858. Adrenal medulla hormones?
Adrenaline, Noradrenaline
859. Adrenal cortex hormones?
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens
860. Pancreas endocrine hormones?
Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin
861. Pineal gland hormone?
Melatonin
862. Thymus hormone?
Thymosin
863. Ovaries hormones?
Estrogen, Progesterone
864. Testes hormones?
Testosterone
865. Function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose
866. Function of glucagon?
Raises blood glucose
867. Function of thyroxine?
Regulates metabolism
868. Function of cortisol?
Stress response, metabolism regulation
869. Function of aldosterone?
Regulates sodium and water balance
870. Function of ADH?
Water reabsorption in kidneys
871. Function of oxytocin?
Uterine contraction, milk ejection
872. Function of melatonin?
Regulates sleep-wake cycle
873. Function of thymosin?
Maturation of T-lymphocytes
874. Function of testosterone?
Male secondary sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis
875. Function of estrogen & progesterone?
Female secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle, pregnancy
876. Type of reproduction in Amoeba?
Binary fission (asexual)
877. Type of reproduction in Hydra?
Budding (asexual)
878. Type of reproduction in Yeast?
Budding (asexual)
879. Type of reproduction in Spirogyra?
Fragmentation and conjugation
880. Sexual reproduction definition?
Fusion of gametes forming zygote
881. Asexual reproduction definition?
Offspring from single parent, no gametes
882. Parthenogenesis definition?
Development of embryo from unfertilized egg
883. Example of parthenogenesis?
Honeybee (queen lays unfertilized eggs → male drones)
884. Binary fission definition?
Parent divides into two equal daughter cells
885. Budding definition?
Outgrowth forms new organism
886. Fragmentation definition?
Organism breaks into fragments, each forms new individual
887. Spore formation definition?
Formation of reproductive spores (e.g., fungi)
888. Vegetative propagation definition?
New plant from vegetative part of parent
889. Example of vegetative propagation?
Potato (tuber), Sugarcane (stem)
890. Zygote definition?
Fertilized egg
891. Gametogenesis definition?
Formation of gametes
892. Spermatogenesis site?
Testes (seminiferous tubules)
893. Oogenesis site?
Ovaries
894. Spermatogenesis produces how many sperm?
4 functional sperm per spermatocyte
895. Oogenesis produces how many ovum?
1 ovum + 3 polar bodies
896. Hormone controlling spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
897. Hormone controlling oogenesis?
FSH, LH
898. Fertilization type in mammals?
Internal
899. Cleavage type in mammals?
Holoblastic, rotational
900. Placenta type in humans?
Hemochorial
Part X
901. Blood groups in humans?
A, B, AB, O
902. Blood group with no antigens?
O
903. Blood group with both antigens?
AB
904. Universal donor blood group?
O
905. Universal recipient blood group?
AB
906. Rh factor positive or negative?
Presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh–) of D antigen
907. Erythrocytes lifespan?
~120 days
908. Leukocytes lifespan?
Hours to years (depends on type)
909. Platelets lifespan?
5–9 days
910. Plasma components?
Water, proteins, ions, nutrients, hormones
911. Function of RBC?
Transport oxygen
912. Function of WBC?
Immunity
913. Function of platelets?
Blood clotting
914. Function of plasma?
Transport and maintain osmotic balance
915. Heart chambers?
2 atria + 2 ventricles
916. Right atrium receives blood from?
Body (deoxygenated)
917. Left atrium receives blood from?
Lungs (oxygenated)
918. Right ventricle pumps blood to?
Lungs
919. Left ventricle pumps blood to?
Body
920. Valves in heart?
Tricuspid, Bicuspid (Mitral), Pulmonary, Aortic
921. SA node function?
Pacemaker of heart
922. AV node function?
Delays impulse to ventricles
923. Cardiac output formula?
CO = Stroke volume × Heart rate
924. Normal heart rate?
~72 bpm
925. Normal blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
926. Largest organ in human body?
Skin
927. Function of skin?
Protection, thermoregulation, sensation
928. Dermis contains?
Blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles
929. Epidermis contains?
Keratinocytes, melanocytes
930. Sweat gland function?
Excrete sweat, regulate body temperature
931. Sebaceous gland function?
Secrete sebum to lubricate skin
932. Hair function?
Protection, sensation, thermoregulation
933. Nail function?
Protection, grasping
934. Endocrine system function?
Secrete hormones to regulate body functions
935. Exocrine gland function?
Secrete through ducts
936. Hormones of pituitary gland?
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, ADH, Oxytocin
937. Thyroid hormones function?
Metabolism regulation (T₃, T₄), calcium homeostasis (Calcitonin)
938. Parathyroid hormone function?
Increases blood calcium
939. Adrenal medulla hormone function?
Adrenaline, Noradrenaline: fight or flight
940. Adrenal cortex hormone function?
Cortisol: metabolism; Aldosterone: Na⁺ balance
941. Pancreas endocrine function?
Insulin lowers glucose; Glucagon raises glucose
942. Ovaries hormone function?
Estrogen & Progesterone: female characteristics & reproduction
943. Testes hormone function?
Testosterone: male characteristics & spermatogenesis
944. Pineal gland hormone?
Melatonin: regulates sleep-wake cycle
945. Thymus hormone?
Thymosin: T-cell maturation
946. Immune system components?
WBC, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
947. Innate immunity definition?
Non-specific defense present from birth
948. Adaptive immunity definition?
Specific defense acquired after exposure
949. Humoral immunity definition?
B-cells produce antibodies
950. Cell-mediated immunity definition?
T-cells attack infected cells
951. Excretory organs in humans?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
952. Functional unit of kidney?
Nephron
953. Nephron components?
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, Collecting duct
954. Filtration occurs in?
Glomerulus
955. Reabsorption occurs in?
Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, Collecting duct
956. Secretion occurs in?
Distal tubule and collecting duct
957. Urine formation process?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
958. Normal urine pH?
~6
959. Average urine output per day?
1–2 L
960. ADH function?
Water reabsorption in kidneys
961. Aldosterone function?
Sodium and water reabsorption
962. Kidney stones composition?
Calcium oxalate, uric acid
963. Ureters function?
Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
964. Urinary bladder function?
Store urine
965. Urethra function?
Excrete urine
966. Endocrine function of kidney?
Erythropoietin production
967. Function of liver in excretion?
Converts ammonia to urea
968. Function of sweat glands in excretion?
Remove water, salts, and small amounts of urea
969. Function of lungs in excretion?
Remove CO₂ and water vapor
970. Types of nitrogenous wastes?
Uricotelic, Ureotelic, Ammonotelic
971. Ureotelic animals?
Humans, mammals
972. Ammonotelic animals?
Most aquatic animals
973. Uricotelic animals?
Birds, reptiles, insects
974. Nephron types?
Cortical and Juxtamedullary
975. Juxtaglomerular apparatus function?
Regulate blood pressure and filtration rate
976. Function of renin?
Regulates blood pressure via RAAS
977. RAAS full form?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
978. Function of angiotensin II?
Vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone
979. Excretory product of humans?
Urea
980. Normal blood urea level?
15–40 mg/dL
981. Function of Bowman's capsule?
Collects filtrate from glomerulus
982. Proximal tubule function?
Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, ions, water
983. Loop of Henle function?
Concentrates urine; reabsorbs water and salts
984. Distal tubule function?
Fine-tunes ion balance and pH
985. Collecting duct function?
Concentrates urine; water reabsorption under ADH
986. Osmoregulation definition?
Maintaining water and salt balance
987. Osmoregulation organs?
Kidney, skin, lungs
988. Function of erythropoietin?
Stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
989. Diabetes insipidus cause?
ADH deficiency
990. Symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria, polydipsia
991. Chronic kidney disease cause?
Diabetes, hypertension, infections
992. Dialysis purpose?
Remove wastes in kidney failure
993. Hemodialysis principle?
Diffusion of solutes across semipermeable membrane
994. Peritoneal dialysis?
Uses peritoneum as dialysis membrane
995. Kidney transplantation?
Replacing diseased kidney with donor kidney
996. Function of nephron in homeostasis?
Regulates water, salts, pH, excretes wastes
997. Protein in urine indicates?
Kidney damage (proteinuria)
998. Glucose in urine indicates?
Diabetes mellitus (glycosuria)
999. Red blood cells in urine indicate?
Hematuria (kidney/urinary tract damage)
1000. Final function of excretory system?
Remove metabolic wastes, maintain homeostasis
NEET Quick Revision Biology – Key Points
Human Body & Excretion
- Kidney → Nephron (Filtration: Glomerulus; Reabsorption: Tubules)
- Urine: 1–2 L/day, pH ~6
- ADH → Water reabsorption; Aldosterone → Na⁺ reabsorption
- RAAS regulates blood pressure (Renin → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone)
- Excretory products: Ureotelic (humans), Uricotelic (birds), Ammonotelic (fish)
Endocrine System
- Pituitary → GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, ADH, Oxytocin
- Thyroid → T₃/T₄ (metabolism), Calcitonin (↓Ca²⁺)
- Parathyroid → PTH (↑Ca²⁺)
- Adrenal medulla → Adrenaline/Noradrenaline; Cortex → Cortisol/Aldosterone
- Pancreas → Insulin ↓glucose, Glucagon ↑glucose
- Gonads → Testes: Testosterone; Ovaries: Estrogen, Progesterone
Blood & Circulation
- Blood groups: A, B, AB, O; Rh factor positive/negative
- Universal donor: O; Universal recipient: AB
- Heart: 4 chambers; SA node → Pacemaker; AV node → Delays impulse
- CO = Stroke volume × Heart rate; Normal BP = 120/80 mmHg
Immunity
- Innate: Non-specific
- Adaptive: Specific → Humoral (B-cells), Cell-mediated (T-cells)
Reproduction
- Asexual: Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation
- Sexual: Gametogenesis → Spermatogenesis (4 sperm), Oogenesis (1 ovum + 3 polar bodies)
- Fertilization: Internal (mammals)
