"Indian Constitution notes for exams – features, fundamental rights, duties, and key highlights for PSC, UPSC & competitive exams."
Basics & History
1. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
2. When was the Indian Constitution adopted?
26 November 1949
3. When did the Indian Constitution come into effect?
26 January 1950
4. Which Act laid the foundation of the Constituent Assembly?
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
5. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
6. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee?
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
7. Which is the lengthiest written Constitution in the world?
Indian Constitution
8. What was the original number of Articles in the Constitution?
395 Articles
9. How many Schedules were there originally in the Constitution?
8 Schedules
10. Which country’s Constitution influenced the Preamble of India?
USA
Preamble & Features
1. What are the key words in the Preamble of India?
Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
12. Which amendment added the words ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ to the Preamble?
42nd Amendment (1976)
13. The Preamble of India is based on the objectives of which Resolution?
Objective Resolution (1946)
14. Who moved the Objective Resolution in the Constituent Assembly?
Jawaharlal Nehru
15. Which case held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution?
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
Fundamental Rights
16. How many Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution?
6 Fundamental Rights
17. Which Fundamental Right was removed by the 44th Amendment (1978)?
Right to Property (became a legal right)
18. Under which Part are Fundamental Rights included?
Part III
19. Which Article provides Right to Equality?
Article 14
20. Which Article abolishes Untouchability?
Article 17
21. Which Article guarantees Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression?
Article 19(1)(a)
22. Right to Education is included under which Article?
Article 21A
23. Which Article deals with Right to Constitutional Remedies?
Article 32
24. Who is called the ‘Protector of F
undamental Rights’?
Supreme Court
25. Which writ means ‘to be produced in body’?
Habeas Corpus
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
26. In which Part of the Constitution are Directive Principles included?
Part IV
27. Which Articles cover the Directive Principles?
Articles 36 to 51
28. Which country’s Constitution inspired DPSPs?
Ireland
29. Which Article promotes equal justice and free legal aid?
Article 39A
30. Directive Principles are __________ in nature.
Non-justiciable
31. Which Article directs the State to organize village panchayats?
Article 40
32. Which Article deals with uniform civil code?
Article 44
33. Which Article deals with protection and improvement of environment?
Article 48A
Fundamental Duties
34. Which Amendment added Fundamental Duties to the Constitution?
42nd Amendment (1976)
35. Which Part of the Constitution contains Fundamental Duties?
Part IV-A
36. Which Article mentions Fundamental Duties?
Article 51A
37. How many Fundamental Duties are there at present?
11 Duties
38. Which Amendment added the 11th Fundamental Duty?
86th Amendment (2002) – Duty of parents to provide education to children.
Parliament of India
39. How many houses are there in the Indian Parliament?
Two (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha)
40. What is the maximum strength of Lok Sabha?
552 Members
41. What is the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha?
250 Members
42. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
Vice President of India
43. The Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by whom?
Members of Lok Sabha
44. What is the term of Lok Sabha?
5 years (unless dissolved earlier)
45. What is the minimum age for being a member of Lok Sabha?
25 years
46. What is the minimum age for being a member of Rajya Sabha?
30 years
47. Money bills can be introduced only in which house?
Lok Sabha
48. Which Article gives the President the power to summon and dissolve Parliament?
Article 85
President & Prime Minister
49. Who is the Head of the Indian State?
The President of India
50. Who is the real executive authority in India?
The Prime Minister of India
Judiciary
51. Which Part of the Constitution deals with the Judiciary?
Part V (Union Judiciary)
52. Which Article establishes the Supreme Court?
Article 124
53. Who was the first Chief Justice of India?
Justice H. J. Kania
54. What is the retirement age of Supreme Court judges?
65 years
55. What is the retirement age of High Court judges?
62 years
56. Which Article gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review?
Article 13
57. Which Article empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs?
Article 32
58. The High Court is the highest court in which jurisdiction?
State
59. Which Article deals with the appointment of High Court judges?
Article 217
60. Which case is known as the “Basic Structure Doctrine” case?
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
Governor & State Legislature
61. Who appoints the Governor of a State?
President of India
62. What is the normal term of a Governor?
5 years
63. Minimum age for a person to be appointed as Governor?
35 years
64. The Governor acts as the representative of ________.
The President of India
65. Which Article deals with the Governor’s office?
Article 153
66. What is the maximum strength of a State Legislative Assembly?
500 members
67. What is the minimum strength of a State Legislative Assembly?
60 members (except in some smaller states like Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram)
68. What is the maximum strength of a State Legislative Council?
One-third of the State Legislative Assembly
69. Which Article provides for a bicameral legislature in states?
Article 169
70. The Governor addresses the first session of the State Legislature every year under which Article?
Article 176
Emergency Provisions
71. How many types of emergencies are provided in the Indian Constitution?
Three
72. Which Article deals with National Emergency?
Article 352
73. Which Article deals with President’s Rule in a State?
Article 356
74. Which Article deals with Financial Emergency?
Article 360
75. Which was the first state where President’s Rule was imposed?
Punjab (1951)
Amendments
76. Which Article gives Parliament the power to amend the Constitution?
Article 368
77. Which was the first Constitutional Amendment Act of India?
1st Amendment, 1951
78. Which is known as the “Mini Constitution”?
42nd Amendment Act, 1976
79. Which Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years?
61st Amendment, 1988
80. Which Amendment made Right to Education a Fundamental Right?
86th Amendment, 2002
81. Which Amendment gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions?
73rd Amendment, 1992
82. Which Amendment gave constitutional status to Municipalities?
74th Amendment, 1992
83. Which Amendment deleted Right to Property from Fundamental Rights?
44th Amendment, 1978
84. Which Amendment is related to Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
101st Amendment, 2016
85. Which Amendment is called the most comprehensive amendment?
42nd Amendment Act, 1976
Schedules
86. How many Schedules are there in the Indian Constitution at present?
12
87. Which Schedule contains the list of States and Union Territories?
1st Schedule
88. Which Schedule contains the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists?
7th Schedule
89. Which Schedule contains the Anti-Defection Law?
10th Schedule
90. Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha?
4th Schedule
91. Which Schedule contains provisions relating to panchayats?
11th Schedule
92. Which Schedule contains provisions relating to municipalities?
12th Schedule
Elections
93. Which Part of the Constitution deals with Elections?
Part XV
94. Which Article provides for the Election Commission of India?
Article 324
95. How many Election Commissioners are there at present?
One Chief Election Commissioner + other commissioners (decided by the President)
96. What is the term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner?
6 years or 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
97. Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner?
President of India
98. Which Article deals with adult suffrage (Right to Vote)?
Article 326
99. What is the minimum voting age in Ind
ia?
18 years
100. Who conducts elections to the State Legislatures?
Election Commission of India
Local Self Government (Panchayati Raj)
101. Which Amendment gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj?
73rd Amendment Act, 1992
( Exam Tip: Very important for PSC/UPSC.)
102. Which Part of the Constitution deals with Panchayati Raj?
Part IX
103. Which Schedule contains the subjects of Panchayati Raj?
11th Schedule
104. How many subjects are listed in the 11th Schedule?
29 subjects
105. Which Article provides for the establishment of Gram Sabha?
Article 243A
106. Which state first introduced the Panchayati Raj system?
Rajasthan (1959)
107. Which committee recommended constitutional recognition to Panchayati Raj?
L. M. Singhvi Committee
108. Which committee is related to the three-tier Panchayati Raj system?
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
109. Which committee is related to District Planning?
Ashok Mehta Committee
110. What is the tenure of Panchayati Raj institutions?
5 years
Special Provisions for States
111. Which Part of the Constitution deals with special provisions for states?
Part XXI
112. Which Article earlier gave special status to Jammu & Kashmir?
Article 370 (abrogated in 2019)
113. Which Article gave special provisions to Nagaland?
Article 371A
114. Which Article gave special provisions to Mizoram?
Article 371G
115. Which state was given special responsibility for development of tribal areas under Article 371B?
Assam
116. Which Article provided for the creation of Telangana state?
Article 371 (through Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014)
117. Which Union Territory was merged with Jammu & Kashmir in 2019?
Ladakh
118. Which Article deals with the special status of Sikkim?
Article 371F
119. Which Article provides for the establishment of Development Boards in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
Article 371(2)
120. Which state has an Autonomous Council under the Sixth Schedule?
Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura, Mizoram
Citizenship & Official Language
121. Which Part of the Constitution deals with Citizenship?
Part II
122. Which Articles deal with Citizenship?
Articles 5 to 11
123. What is the official language of the Union of India?
Hindi in Devanagari script
124. Which Article declares Hindi as the official language?
Article 343
125. Which schedule contains the list of official languages?
8th Schedule (currently 22 languages)
Important Articles
126. Which Article is called the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution”?
Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies)
127. Which Article deals with the abolition of Untouchability?
Article 17
128. Which Article deals with the abolition of Titles?
Article 18
129. Which Article deals with the impeachment of the President?
Article 61
130. Which Article deals with the election of the Vice President?
Article 66
131. Which Article deals with the Finance Commission?
Article 280
132. Which Article deals with the Planning Commission/NITI Aayog?
(Not in Constitution, NITI Aayog is executive body)
133. Which Article deals with the Union Public Service Commission?
Article 315
134. Which Article deals with the Attorney General of India?
Article 76
135. Which Article deals with the Advocate General of a State?
Article 165
Miscellaneous Facts
136. Who is the first law officer of India?
Attorney General of India
137. Who is the Guardian of the Constitution?
Supreme Court
138. Who is the Custodian of the Constitution?
Parliament of India
139. Who is the Guardian of Fundamental Rights?
Supreme Court and High Courts
140. Which was the first state formed on linguistic basis?
Andhra Pradesh (1953)
141. Which Article provides for the National Commission for Scheduled Castes?
Article 338
142. Which Article provides for the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes?
Article 338A
143. Which Article provides for the National Commission for Backward Classes?
Article 338B
144. Which Article deals with Official Language Commission?
Article 344
145. Which Article deals with the Finance Commission?
Article 280
Landmark Cases & Personalities
146. In which case was the Right to Privacy declared a Fundamental Right?
Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017)
147. In which case was Judicial Review established?
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
148. In which case was the basic structure doctrine reaffirmed?
Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain Case (1975)
149. Who is known as the ‘Architect of the Indian Constitution’?
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
150. Who was the l
ast British Governor-General of India?
Lord C. Rajagopalachari (also the only Indian Governor-General)
